Eukaryotic Cell Structure

Cell
- Cell wall (细胞壁)
- Membrane (细胞膜): [ˈmembreɪn]
- Cytoplasm (细胞质): [ˈsaɪtəʊplæzəm], the contents of a cell except for the nucleus,
  - Cytoplasm can be divided into:
    - endoplasm (内质): [ˈendəʊplæzəm], the inner portion of the cytoplasm
    - ectoplasm (外质): [ˈektəʊplæzəm], the outer granule-free layer of cytoplasm
  - Cytoplasm includes:
    - cytoskeleton (细胞骨架)
    - cytosol (细胞液): [‘saɪtəʊsɒl]
    - vesicle (细胞囊): [ˈvesɪkl]
    - organelle (细胞器): [ˌɔ:gə’nel], including:
      - ribosome (核糖体): [‘raɪbəsəʊm], an organelle that process the cell’s genetic instructions to create proteins (mRNA binds to ribosomes; ribosomes 根据 mRNA 来生产 protein, i.e. translating). These organelles can float freely in the cytoplasm or be connected to the endoplasmic reticulum.
      - mitochondrion / mitochondria (线粒体): [ˌmaɪtəʊˈkɒndriən] / [ˌmaɪtəʊ’kɒndrɪə]. Mitochondria are complex organelles that convert energy from food into a form that the cell can use. They have their own genetic material (mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA), separate from the DNA in the nucleus, and can make copies of themselves.
      - chloroplast (叶绿体): [ˈklɒrəplɑ:st]
      - endoplasmic reticulum (内质网): [ˌendə’plazmɪk] [rɪ’tɪkjʊləm], 缩写为 ER。A network of membranous tubules ([‘tju:bju:l], 小管) within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. There are 2 kinds of them:
        
        Rough ER
        
        Smooth ER
      - Golgi apparatus (高尔基体): [ˈɡɔ:ldʒi] [ˌæpəˈreɪtəs], packages molecules processed by the endoplasmic reticulum to be transported out of the cell.
      - lysosome (溶酶体): [‘laɪsəsəʊm], an organelle found in all types of animal cells which contains a large range of digestive enzymes capable of splitting most biological macromolecules (including proteins)
      - peroxisome (过氧化物酶体): [pə’rɒksɪsəʊm], a cytoplasmic cell organelle containing enzymes (as catalase) which act in oxidative reactions and especially in the production and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (过氧化氢, i.e. 双氧水)
        
        Lysosomes and peroxisomes are the recycling center of the cell. They digest foreign bacteria that invade the cell, rid the cell of toxic substances, and recycle worn-out cell components.
- Nucleus / Nuclei (细胞核): [ˈnju:kliəs] / [‘nju:klɪaɪ]
  - nuclear envelope and pores (核膜与核孔)
    - pore (毛孔): a tiny opening in the skin
  - nuclear lamina (纤维层)
    - lamina: [‘læmənə], a very thin layer of material
  - nucleolus (核仁): [nju:’kli:ələs]
  - chromatin (染色质): [‘krəʊmətɪn]
    - Chromatin is composed of:
      - Histones (组蛋白)
      - DNA
        
        DNA is composed of 4 types of nucleotide (核苷酸): [‘nju:klɪətaɪd]
        
        Adenine (腺嘌吟): [‘ædənɪn]
        
        Cytosine (胞嘧啶): [‘saɪtəʊsi:n]
        
        Guanine (鸟嘌呤): [‘gwɑ:ni:n]
        
        Thymine (胸腺嘧啶): [‘θaɪmi:n]
        
        RNA has Uracil (尿嘧啶, [‘jʊrəsɪl]) instead of Thymine.
    - Relationship with chromosome (染色体): [ˈkrəʊməsəʊm]
      - Chromosomes are condensed Chromatin Fibers.
    - Chromosomes can be divided into:
      - allosome (性染色体): [‘ælʊsəʊm], sex-determining chromosome
      - autosome (常染色体): [‘ɔ:təsəʊm]